1. Capsule Brewing (Pod Coffee Machines)
Description:
Capsule brewing uses pre-packaged coffee pods or capsules. The machine punctures the capsule, forces hot water through it, and dispenses brewed coffee.
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Characteristics:
- Ease of Use: Extremely convenient; just insert the capsule, press a button, and the coffee is ready.
- Consistency: Produces consistent results as the coffee and water measurements are pre-determined.
- Speed: Very quick, typically taking under a minute.
- Flavor Profile offers a range of flavors and strengths.
- Environmentally Friendly: Telaa all capsule fully recyclable.

2. Indian Filter Coffee (South Indian Coffee)
Description:
A traditional method involving a metal coffee filter to brew a rich and aromatic decoction that is often mixed with milk and sugar. It is a staple in South Indian households.
Process:
- Filter: A two-tiered metal filter with a perforated top chamber and a collection chamber below.
- Coffee Grounds: Typically medium-fine to fine coffee powder, often blended with chicory.
- Brewing: Hot water is poured over the coffee powder in the top chamber. The water slowly drips through, creating a strong decoction.
- Serving: The decoction is mixed with boiled milk and sugar, then poured back and forth between two vessels to create a frothy texture.
Characteristics:
- Flavor Profile: Strong, earthy, and often slightly bitter, depending on the chicory blend.
- Cultural Significance: Deeply embedded in Indian traditions, especially in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
- Time: Requires patience for the slow-dripping decoction.

3. Espresso
Description: Espresso is a concentrated coffee brewed by forcing hot water under high pressure through finely-ground coffee. It is the base for many coffee drinks like lattes and cappuccinos.
Process:
- Grind coffee beans to a fine consistency.
- Tamp the grounds firmly into the portafilter.
- Lock the portafilter into an espresso machine.
- Pass hot water (around 90–96°C) through the coffee at high pressure (9–10 bars).
- Extract the shot in about 25–30 seconds.
Characteristics:
- Rich, strong flavor with a thick crema on top.
- Small serving size (usually 25–30ml per shot).
- Bold, intense aroma and taste.

4. French Press (Press Pot)
Description: A full-immersion brewing method where coffee grounds steep in hot water before being filtered with a plunger.
Process:
- Grind coffee beans to a coarse consistency.
- Add coffee grounds to the French press (ratio: ~1:15 coffee to water).
- Pour hot water (around 90–96°C) over the grounds.
- Stir gently and let steep for 4 minutes.
- Press the plunger down to separate grounds from the liquid.
Characteristics:
- Full-bodied and robust flavor.
- Retains coffee oils for a richer mouthfeel.
- Slight sediment due to the metal filter.

5. Pour-Over
Description: A manual drip brewing method where water is poured over coffee grounds in a filter.
Process:
- Use a medium-coarse grind.
- Place a filter in the pour-over cone and rinse with hot water.
- Add coffee grounds (ratio: ~1:16 coffee to water).
- Pour hot water in slow, circular motions, letting it drip through the coffee.
- Complete brewing within 3–4 minutes.
Characteristics:
- Clean, bright flavors with pronounced acidity.
- Controlled brewing allows for flavor precision.
No sediment due to the paper filter.

6. Aeropress
Description: A hybrid brewing method combining immersion and pressure to make a concentrated cup.
Process:
- Use a medium-fine grind.
- Add coffee grounds and water (80–95°C) to the Aeropress chamber.
- Stir for 10–20 seconds.
- Press the plunger down over 20–30 seconds to extract coffee.
Characteristics:
- Smooth, rich flavor with low acidity.
- Quick and portable brewing method.
- Versatile; can produce espresso-like or drip-style coffee.

7. Cold Brew
Description: Coffee brewed with cold or room-temperature water over an extended period.
Process:
- Grind coffee beans to a coarse consistency.
- Mix coffee with water (ratio: ~1:8 for concentrate).
- Steep for 12–24 hours in the fridge.
- Strain using a fine filter or cheesecloth.
Characteristics:
- Smooth, mild flavor with low acidity.
- Naturally sweet taste.
- Best served cold or diluted for concentrate.

8. Moka Pot (Stovetop Espresso)
Description: A stovetop method that brews strong coffee by passing steam through coffee grounds.
Process:
- Use a medium-fine grind.
- Fill the bottom chamber with water.
- Add coffee to the filter basket without tamping.
- Assemble the pot and heat on the stove.
- Remove from heat once brewing completes (about 5 minutes).
Characteristics:
- Strong, bold flavor akin to espresso.
- Rich aroma with slight bitterness.
- Affordable and easy to use at home.
